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  std::next_permutation 
template< class Iterator >
bool next_permutation( Iterator first, Iterator last );
template< class Iterator, class Compare >
bool next_permutation( Iterator first, Iterator last, Compare cmpFun );

Effects:
Sift the data sequence of the range [first, last) into the next lexicographically higher permutation. If cmpFun is provided, the permutation rule is customized.

Parameters:
first- the beginning of the range to be permutated, inclusive
last - the end of the range to be permutated, exclusive

Return Value:
Returns true if such permutation exists.
Otherwise the range is swaped to the lexicographically smallest permutation and return false.

Complexity:
O(n), n is the distance from first to last.

Example:

std::vector< int > v { 1, 2, 3 };
do
{
   for( int i = 0; i < v.size(); i += 1 )
   {
       std::cout << v[i];
   }
   std::cout << std::endl;
}while( std::next_permutation( v.begin(), v.end() ) );

print all the permutation cases of 1,2,3 in lexicographically-increasing order.
output:

123  
132
213
231
312
321
  std::for_each 
template<class InputIterator, class Function>
    Function for_each(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Function f);

Effects:

Applies f to the result of dereferencing every iterator in the range [first, last) starting from first and proceeding to last - 1.

Parameters:

first, last - the range to apply f to.

f - callable object which is applied to the result of dereferencing every iterator in the range [first, last).

Return value:

f (until C++11) and std::move(f) (since C++11).

Complexity:

Applies f exactly last - first times.

Example:

std::vector<int> v { 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 };
std::for_each(v.begin(), v.end(), [](int elem) { std::cout << elem << " "; });

Applies the given function for every element of the vector v printing this element to stdout.
  std::accumulate

Defined in header <numeric>

template<class InputIterator, class T>
T accumulate(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, T init); // (1)

template<class InputIterator, class T, class BinaryOperation>
T accumulate(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, T init, BinaryOperation f); // (2)

Effects:

std::accumulate (opens new window) performs fold (opens new window) operation using f function on range [first, last) starting with init as accumulator value.

Effectively it's equivalent of:

T acc = init;
for (auto it = first; first != last; ++it)
    acc = f(acc, *it);
return acc;

In version (1) operator+ is used in place of f, so accumulate over container is equivalent of sum of container elements.

Parameters:

first, last - the range to apply f to.
init - initial value of accumulator.
f - binary folding function.

Return value:

Accumulated value of f applications.

Complexity:

O(n×k), where n is the distance from first to last, O(k) is complexity of f function.

Example:

Simple sum example:

std::vector<int> v { 2, 3, 4 };
auto sum = std::accumulate(v.begin(), v.end(), 1);
std::cout << sum << std::endl;

Output:

10

Convert digits to number:

class Converter {
public:
    int operator()(int a, int d) const { return a * 10 + d; }
};

and later

const int ds[3] = {1, 2, 3};
int n = std::accumulate(ds, ds + 3, 0, Converter());
std::cout << n << std::endl;


const std::vector<int> ds = {1, 2, 3};
int n = std::accumulate(ds.begin(), ds.end(),
                        0,
                        [](int a, int d) { return a * 10 + d; });
std::cout << n << std::endl;

Output:

123
  std::find 
template <class InputIterator, class T>
InputIterator find (InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const T& val);

Effects

Finds the first occurrence of val within the range [first, last)

Parameters

first => iterator pointing to the beginning of the range last => iterator pointing to the end of the range val => The value to find within the range

Return

An iterator that points to the first element within the range that is equal(==) to val, the iterator points to last if val is not found.

Example

#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {

  //create a vector
  vector<int> intVec {4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 30, 55,100, 45, 2, 4, 7, 9, 43, 48};

  //define iterators
  vector<int>::iterator  itr_9; 
  vector<int>::iterator  itr_43; 
  vector<int>::iterator  itr_50; 

  //calling find
  itr_9 = find(intVec.begin(), intVec.end(), 9); //occurs twice
  itr_43 = find(intVec.begin(), intVec.end(), 43); //occurs once

  //a value not in the vector
  itr_50 = find(intVec.begin(), intVec.end(), 50); //does not occur

  cout << "first occurence of: " << *itr_9 << endl;
  cout << "only occurence of: " << *itr_43 << Lendl;


  /*
    let's prove that itr_9 is pointing to the first occurence
    of 9 by looking at the element after 9, which should be 10 
    not 43
  */
  cout << "element after first 9: " << *(itr_9 + 1) << ends;

  /*
    to avoid dereferencing intVec.end(), lets look at the 
    element right before the end
  */
  cout << "last element: " << *(itr_50 - 1) << endl;

  return 0;
}

Output

first occurence of: 9
only occurence of: 43
element after first 9: 10
last element: 48
  std::count 
template <class InputIterator, class T>
typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::difference_type
count (InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const T& val);

Effects

Counts the number of elements that are equal to val

Parameters

first => iterator pointing to the beginning of the range
last => iterator pointing to the end of the range
val => The occurrence of this value in the range will be counted

Return

The number of elements in the range that are equal(==) to val.

Example

#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
  
  //create vector
  vector<int> intVec{4,6,8,9,10,30,55,100,45,2,4,7,9,43,48};
  
  //count occurences of 9, 55, and 101
  size_t count_9 = count(intVec.begin(), intVec.end(), 9); //occurs twice
  size_t count_55 = count(intVec.begin(), intVec.end(), 55); //occurs once
  size_t count_101 = count(intVec.begin(), intVec.end(), 101); //occurs once
  
  //print result
  cout << "There are " << count_9  << " 9s"<< endl;
  cout << "There is " << count_55  << " 55"<< endl;
  cout << "There is " << count_101  << " 101"<< ends;

  //find the first element == 4 in the vector
  vector<int>::iterator itr_4 = find(intVec.begin(), intVec.end(), 4);

  //count its occurences in the vector starting from the first one
  size_t count_4 = count(itr_4, intVec.end(), *itr_4); // should be 2

  cout << "There are " << count_4  << " " << *itr_4 << endl;

  return 0;
}

Output

There are 2 9s
There is 1 55
There is 0 101
There are 2 4
  std::count_if 
template <class InputIterator, class UnaryPredicate>
typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::difference_type
count_if (InputIterator first, InputIterator last, UnaryPredicate red);

Effects

Counts the number of elements in a range for which a specified predicate function is true

Parameters

first => iterator pointing to the beginning of the range last => iterator pointing to the end of the range red => predicate function(returns true or false)

Return

The number of elements within the specified range for which the predicate function returned true.

Example

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>

using namespace std;

/*
    Define a few functions to use as predicates
*/

//return true if number is odd
bool isOdd(int i){
  return i%2 == 1;
}

//functor that returns true if number is greater than the value of the constructor parameter provided
class Greater {
  int _than;
public:
  Greater(int th): _than(th){}
  bool operator()(int i){
    return i > _than;
  }
};

int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
  
  //create a vector
  vector<int> myvec = {1,5,8,0,7,6,4,5,2,1,5,0,6,9,7};

  //using a lambda function to count even numbers
  size_t evenCount = count_if(myvec.begin(), myvec.end(), [](int i){return i % 2 == 0;}); // >= C++11
  
  //using function pointer to count odd number in the first half of the vector
  size_t oddCount = count_if(myvec.begin(), myvec.end()- myvec.size()/2, isOdd);
  
  //using a functor to count numbers greater than 5
  size_t greaterCount = count_if(myvec.begin(), myvec.end(), Greater(5));

  cout << "vector size: " << myvec.size() << endl;
  cout << "even numbers: " << evenCount << " found" << endl;
  cout << "odd numbers: " << oddCount << " found" << endl;
  cout << "numbers > 5: " << greaterCount << " found"<< endl;
  
  return 0;
}

Output

vector size: 15
even numbers: 7 found
odd numbers: 4 found
numbers > 5: 6 found
  std::find_if 
template <class InputIterator, class UnaryPredicate>
InputIterator find_if (InputIterator first, InputIterator last, UnaryPredicate pred);

Effects

Finds the first element in a range for which the predicate function pred returns true.

Parameters

first => iterator pointing to the beginning of the range last => iterator pointing to the end of the range pred => predicate function(returns true or false)

Return

An iterator that points to the first element within the range the predicate function pred returns true for. The iterator points to last if val is not found

Example

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>


using namespace std;

/*
    define some functions to use as predicates
*/

//Returns true if x is multiple of 10
bool multOf10(int x) {
  return x % 10 == 0;
}

//returns true if item greater than passed in parameter
class Greater {
  int _than;

public:
  Greater(int th):_than(th){
    
  }
  bool operator()(int data) const 
  {
    return data > _than;
  }
};


int main()
{

  vector<int> myvec {2, 5, 6, 10, 56, 7, 48, 89, 850, 7, 456};
  
  //with a lambda function
  vector<int>::iterator gt10 = find_if(myvec.begin(), myvec.end(), [](int x){return x>10;}); // >= C++11
  
  //with a function pointer
  vector<int>::iterator pow10 = find_if(myvec.begin(), myvec.end(), multOf10);

  //with functor
  vector<int>::iterator gt5 = find_if(myvec.begin(), myvec.end(), Greater(5));

  //not Found
  vector<int>::iterator nf = find_if(myvec.begin(), myvec.end(), Greater(1000)); // nf points to myvec.end()


  //check if pointer points to myvec.end()
  if(nf != myvec.end()) {
    cout << "nf points to: " << *nf << endl;
  }
  else {
    cout << "item not found" << endl;
  }

  
  
  cout << "First item >   10: " << *gt10  << endl;
  cout << "First Item n * 10: " << *pow10 << endl;
  cout << "First Item >    5: " << *gt5   << endl;
  
  return 0;
}

Output

item not found
First item >   10: 56
First Item n * 10: 10
First Item >    5: 6
  std::min_element 
template <class ForwardIterator>
ForwardIterator min_element (ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last);

template <class ForwardIterator, class Compare>
ForwardIterator min_element (ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,Compare comp);

Effects

Finds the minimum element in a range

Parameters

first - iterator pointing to the beginning of the range
last - iterator pointing to the end of the range comp - a function pointer or function object that takes two arguments and returns true or false indicating whether argument is less than argument 2. This function should not modify inputs

Return

Iterator to the minimum element in the range

Complexity

Linear in one less than the number of elements compared.

Example

#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <vector>
#include <utility>  //to use make_pair

using namespace std;

//function compare two pairs
bool pairLessThanFunction(const pair<string, int> &p1, const pair<string, int> &p2)
{
  return p1.second < p2.second;
}

int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
  
  vector<int> intVec {30,200,167,56,75,94,10,73,52,6,39,43};
  
  vector<pair<string, int>> pairVector = {make_pair("y", 25), make_pair("b", 2), make_pair("z", 26), make_pair("e", 5) };
  
  
  // default using < operator
  auto minInt = min_element(intVec.begin(), intVec.end());
  
  //Using pairLessThanFunction
  auto minPairFunction = min_element(pairVector.begin(), pairVector.end(), pairLessThanFunction);
  
  
  //print minimum of intVector
  cout << "min int from default: " << *minInt << endl;
  
  //print minimum of pairVector
  cout << "min pair from PairLessThanFunction: " << (*minPairFunction).second << endl;
  
  return 0;
}

Output

min int from default: 6
min pair from PairLessThanFunction: 2
  Using std::nth_element To Find The Median (Or Other Quantiles)

The std::nth_element (opens new window) algorithm takes three iterators: an iterator to the beginning, nth position, and end. Once the function returns, the nth element (by order) will be the nth smallest element. (The function has more elaborate overloads, e.g., some taking comparison functors; see the above link for all the variations.)

Note This function is very efficient - it has linear complexity.

For the sake of this example, let's define the median of a sequence of length n as the element that would be in position ⌈n / 2⌉. For example, the median of a sequence of length 5 is the 3rd smallest element, and so is the median of a sequence of length 6.

To use this function to find the median, we can use the following. Say we start with

std::vector<int> v{5, 1, 2, 3, 4};    

std::vector<int>::iterator b = v.begin();
std::vector<int>::iterator e = v.end();

std::vector<int>::iterator med = b;
std::advance(med, v.size() / 2); 

// This makes the 2nd position hold the median.
std::nth_element(b, med, e);    

// The median is now at v[2].

To find the pth quantile (opens new window), we would change some of the lines above:

const std::size_t pos = p * std::distance(b, e);

std::advance(nth, pos);

and look for the quantile at position pos.

 

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