By default, the various Collection types are not thread-safe.

However, it's fairly easy to make a collection thread-safe.

List<String> threadSafeList = Collections.synchronizedList(new ArrayList<String>());
Set<String> threadSafeSet = Collections.synchronizedSet(new HashSet<String>());
Map<String, String> threadSafeMap = Collections.synchronizedMap(new HashMap<String, String>());

When you make a thread-safe collection, you should never access it through the original collection, only through the thread-safe wrapper.

Starting in Java 5, java.util.collections has several new thread-safe collections that don't need the various Collections.synchronized methods.

List<String> threadSafeList = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<String>();
Set<String> threadSafeSet = new ConcurrentHashSet<String>();
Map<String, String> threadSafeMap = new ConcurrentHashMap<String, String>();

Concurrent collections are a generalization of thread-safe collections, that allow for a broader usage in a concurrent environment.

While thread-safe collections have safe element addition or removal from multiple threads, they do not necessarily have safe iteration in the same context (one may not be able to safely iterate through the collection in one thread, while another one modifies it by adding/removing elements).

This is where concurrent collections are used.

As iteration is often the base implementation of several bulk methods in collections, like addAll, removeAll, or also collection copying (through a constructor, or other means), sorting, ... the use case for concurrent collections is actually pretty large.

For example, the Java SE 5 java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList is a thread safe and concurrent List implementation, its javadoc (opens new window) states :

The "snapshot" style iterator method uses a reference to the state of the array at the point that the iterator was created. This array never changes during the lifetime of the iterator, so interference is impossible and the iterator is guaranteed not to throw ConcurrentModificationException.

Therefore, the following code is safe :

public class ThreadSafeAndConcurrent {

public static final List<Integer> LIST = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();

public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
    Thread modifier = new Thread(new ModifierRunnable());
    Thread iterator = new Thread(new IteratorRunnable());
    modifier.start();
    iterator.start();
    modifier.join();
    iterator.join();
}

public static final class ModifierRunnable implements Runnable {
    @Override
    public void run() {
        try {
            for (int i = 0; i < 50000; i++) {
                LIST.add(i);
            }
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

public static final class IteratorRunnable implements Runnable {
    @Override
    public void run() {
        try {
            for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
                long total = 0;
                for(Integer inList : LIST) {
                    total += inList;
                }
                System.out.println(total);
            }
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}
}

Another concurrent collection regarding iteration is ConcurrentLinkedQueue (opens new window), which states :

Iterators are weakly consistent, returning elements reflecting the state of the queue at some point at or since the creation of the iterator. They do not throw java.util.ConcurrentModificationException, and may proceed concurrently with other operations. Elements contained in the queue since the creation of the iterator will be returned exactly once.

One should check the javadocs to see if a collection is concurrent, or not. The attributes of the iterator returned by the iterator() method ("fail fast", "weakly consistent", ...) is the most important attribute to look for.

Thread safe but non concurrent examples

In the above code, changing the LIST declaration to

public static final List<Integer> LIST = Collections.synchronizedList(new ArrayList<>());

Could (and statistically will on most modern, multi CPU/core architectures) lead to exceptions.

Synchronized collections from the Collections utility methods are thread safe for addition/removal of elements, but not iteration (unless the underlying collection being passed to it already is).