Static members have class scope as opposed to object scope

C++ Example (opens new window)

// define in header
class Singleton {
   public:
      static Singleton *getInstance();

   private:
      Singleton() {}
      static Singleton *instance;
};

// initialize in .cpp
Singleton* Singleton::instance = 0;

Java Example (opens new window)

public class Singleton {
    private static Singleton instance;
    
    private Singleton() {}
    
    public static Singleton getInstance() {
        if(instance == null) {
            instance = new Singleton();
        }
        return instance;
    }
}

Defined within Another Class

C++

Nested Class[ref] (opens new window) (needs a reference to enclosing class)

class Outer {
   class Inner {
      public:
         Inner(Outer* o) :outer(o) {}

      private:
         Outer*  outer;
   };
};

Java

[non-static] Nested Class (aka Inner Class or Member Class)

class OuterClass {
    ...
    class InnerClass {
        ...
    }
}

Statically Defined within Another Class

C++

Static Nested Class

class Outer {
   class Inner {
      ...
   };
};

Java

Static Nested Class (aka Static Member Class)[ref] (opens new window)

class OuterClass {
    ...
    static class StaticNestedClass {
        ...
    }
}

Defined within a Method

(e.g. event handling)

C++

Local Class[ref] (opens new window)

void fun() {
   class Test {
      /* members of Test class */
   };
}

Java

Local Class[ref] (opens new window)

class Test {
    void f() {
        new Thread(new Runnable() {
            public void run() {
                doSomethingBackgroundish();
            }
        }).start();
    }
}

Many argue that Java is ONLY pass-by-value, but it's more nuanced than that. Compare the following C++ and Java examples to see the many flavors of pass-by-value (aka copy) and pass-by-reference (aka alias).

C++ Example (complete code) (opens new window)

 // passes a COPY of the object
  static void passByCopy(PassIt obj) {
     obj.i = 22;  // only a "local" change
  }

  // passes a pointer
  static void passByPointer(PassIt* ptr) {
     ptr->i = 33;
     ptr = 0; // better to use nullptr instead if '0'
  }

  // passes an alias (aka reference)
  static void passByAlias(PassIt& ref) {
     ref.i = 44;
  }

  // This is an old-school way of doing it.
  // Check out std::swap for the best way to do this
  static void swap(PassIt** pptr1, PassIt** pptr2) {
     PassIt* tmp = *pptr1;
     *pptr1 = *pptr2;
     *pptr2 = tmp;
  }

Java Example (complete code) (opens new window)

  // passes a copy of the variable
   // NOTE: in java only primitives are pass-by-copy
   public static void passByCopy(int copy) {
      copy = 33;  // only a "local" change
   }

   // No such thing as pointers in Java
   /*
   public static void passByPointer(PassIt *ptr) {
      ptr->i = 33;
      ptr = 0; // better to use nullptr instead if '0'
   }
   */

   // passes an alias (aka reference)
   public static void passByAlias(PassIt ref) {
      ref.i = 44;
   }

   // passes aliases (aka references),
   // but need to do "manual", potentially expensive copies
   public static void swap(PassIt ref1, PassIt ref2) {
      PassIt tmp = new PassIt(ref1);
      ref1.copy(ref2);
      ref2.copy(tmp);
   }

C++ & Java are both object-oriented languages, thus the following diagram applies to both.

Beware of using "downcasting" - Downcasting is casting down the inheritance hierarchy from a base class to a subclass (i.e. opposite of polymorphism). In general, use polymorphism & overriding instead of instanceof & downcasting.

C++ Example

// explicit type case required
Child *pChild =  (Child *) &parent;

Java Example

if(mySubClass instanceof SubClass) {
   SubClass mySubClass = (SubClass)someBaseClass;
   mySubClass.nonInheritedMethod();
}

Abstract Method

declared without an implementation

C++

pure virtual method

virtual void eat(void) = 0;

Java

abstract method

abstract void draw();

Abstract Class

cannot be instantiated

C++

cannot be instantiated; has at least 1 pure virtual method

class AB {public: virtual void f() = 0;};

Java

cannot be instantiated; can have non-abstract methods

abstract class GraphicObject {}

Interface

no instance fields

C++

nothing comparable to Java

Java

very similar to abstract class, but 1) supports multiple inheritance; 2) no instance fields

interface TestInterface {}

Remarks

Classes Defined within Other Constructs#

Defined within Another Class

C++

Nested Class[ref] (opens new window) (needs a reference to enclosing class)

class Outer {
   class Inner {
      public:
         Inner(Outer* o) :outer(o) {}

      private:
         Outer*  outer;
   };
};

Java

[non-static] Nested Class (aka Inner Class or Member Class)

class OuterClass {
    ...
    class InnerClass {
        ...
    }
}

Statically Defined within Another Class

C++

Static Nested Class

class Outer {
   class Inner {
      ...
   };
};

Java

Static Nested Class (aka Static Member Class)[ref] (opens new window)

class OuterClass {
    ...
    static class StaticNestedClass {
        ...
    }
}

Defined within a Method

(e.g. event handling)

C++

Local Class[ref] (opens new window)

void fun() {
   class Test {
      /* members of Test class */
   };
}

See also Lambda expressions (opens new window)

Java

Local Class[ref] (opens new window)

class Test {
    void f() {
        new Thread(new Runnable() {
            public void run() {
                doSomethingBackgroundish();
            }
        }).start();
    }
}

Overriding vs Overloading

The following Overriding vs Overloading points apply to both C++ and Java:

Polymorphism

Polymorphism is the ability for objects of different classes related by inheritance to respond differently to the same method call. Here's an example:

• base class Shape with area as an abstract method
• two derived classes, Square and Circle, implement area methods
• Shape reference points to Square and area is invoked

In C++, polymorphism is enabled by virtual methods. In Java, methods are virtual by default.

Order of Construction/Destruction

Object Cleanup

In C++, it's a good idea to declare a destructor as virtual to ensure that the subclass' destructor will be called if the base-class pointer is deleted.

In Java, a finalize method is similar a destructor in C++; however, finalizers are unpredictable (they rely on GC). Best practice - use a "close" method to explicitly cleanup.

protected void close() {
    try {
       // do subclass cleanup
    }
    finally {
       isClosed = true;
       super.close();
    }
}

protected void finalize() {
    try {
       if(!isClosed) close();
    }
    finally {
       super.finalize();
    }
}

Abstract Methods & Classes

Accessibility Modifiers

C++ Friend Example

class Node {
  private:
    int key;  Node *next;
    // LinkedList::search() can access "key" & "next"
    friend int LinkedList::search();
};

The Dreaded Diamond Problem

The diamond problem is an ambiguity that arises when two classes B and C inherit from A, and class D inherits from both B and C. If there is a method in A that B and C have overridden, and D does not override it, then which version of the method does D inherit: that of B, or that of C? (from [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_inheritance))

While C++ has always been susceptible to the diamond problem, Java was susceptible until Java 8. Originally, Java didn't support multiple inheritance, but with the advent of default interface methods, Java classes can not inherit "implementation" from more than one class.

java.lang.Object Class

In Java all classes inherit, either implicitly or explicitly, from the Object class. Any Java reference can be cast to the Object type.

C++ doesn't have a comparable "Object" class.

Java Collections & C++ Containers

Java Collections are symonymous with C++ Containers.

Java Collections Flowchart

(opens new window)

C++ Containers Flowchart

(opens new window)

Integer Types

* Win64 API is only 32 bit

Lots more C++ types (opens new window)