The ls command's -l option prints a specified directory's contents in a long listing format. If no directory is specified then, by default, the contents of the current directory are listed.

ls -l /etc

Example Output:

total 1204
drwxr-xr-x  3 root root    4096 Apr 21 03:44 acpi
-rw-r--r--  1 root root    3028 Apr 21 03:38 adduser.conf
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root    4096 Jun 11 20:42 alternatives
...

The output first displays total, which indicates the total size in blocks of all the files in the listed directory. It then displays eight columns of information for each file in the listed directory. Below are the details for each column in the output:

File Type

The file type can be one of any of the following characters.

The following will list up to ten of the most recently modified files in the current directory, using a long listing format (-l) and sorted by time (-t).

ls -lt | head

A dotfile is a file whose names begin with a .. These are normally hidden by ls and not listed unless requested.

For example the following output of ls:

$ ls
bin  pki

The -a or --all option will list all files, including dotfiles.

$ ls -a
.   .ansible       .bash_logout   .bashrc  .lesshst  .puppetlabs  .viminfo
..  .bash_history  .bash_profile  bin      pki       .ssh

The -A or --almost-all option will list all files, including dotfiles, but does not list implied . and ... Note that . is the current directory and .. is the parent directory.

$ ls -A
.ansible       .bash_logout   .bashrc  .lesshst  .puppetlabs  .viminfo
.bash_history  .bash_profile  bin      pki       .ssh

The ls command lists the contents of a specified directory, excluding dotfiles. If no directory is specified then, by default, the contents of the current directory are listed.

Listed files are sorted alphabetically, by default, and aligned in columns if they don’t fit on one line.

$ ls
apt  configs  Documents  Fonts    Music      Programming  Templates  workspace
bin  Desktop  eclipse    git      Pictures   Public       Videos

Use the Bash shell's filename expansion (opens new window) and brace expansion (opens new window) capabilities to obtain the filenames:

# display the files and directories that are in the current directory
printf "%s\n" *

# display only the directories in the current directory
printf "%s\n" */

# display only (some) image files
printf "%s\n" *.{gif,jpg,png}

To capture a list of files into a variable for processing, it is typically good practice to use a bash array (opens new window):

files=( * )

# iterate over them
for file in "${files[@]}"; do
    echo "$file"
done

The tree command lists the contents of a specified directory in a tree-like format. If no directory is specified then, by default, the contents of the current directory are listed.

Example Output:

$ tree /tmp
/tmp
├── 5037
├── adb.log
└── evince-20965
    └── image.FPWTJY.png

Use the tree command's -L option to limit the display depth and the -d option to only list directories.

Example Output:

$ tree -L 1 -d /tmp
/tmp
└── evince-20965

The ls command's -S option sorts the files in descending order of file size.

$ ls -l -S ./Fruits
total 444
-rw-rw-rw- 1 root root 295303 Jul 28 19:19 apples.jpg
-rw-rw-rw- 1 root root 102283 Jul 28 19:19 kiwis.jpg
-rw-rw-rw- 1 root root  50197 Jul 28 19:19 bananas.jpg

When used with the -r option the sort order is reversed.

$ ls -l -S -r /Fruits
total 444
-rw-rw-rw- 1 root root  50197 Jul 28 19:19 bananas.jpg
-rw-rw-rw- 1 root root 102283 Jul 28 19:19 kiwis.jpg
-rw-rw-rw- 1 root root 295303 Jul 28 19:19 apples.jpg

Syntax

• ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...

Parameters