echo (opens new window) and print (opens new window) are language constructs, not functions. This means that they don't require parentheses around the argument like a function does (although one can always add parentheses around almost any PHP expression and thus echo("test") won't do any harm either). They output the string representation of a variable, constant, or expression. They can't be used to print arrays or objects.

$name = "Joel";

echo $name;   #> Joel
print $name;  #> Joel

echo($name);  #> Joel
print($name); #> Joel

echo $name, "Smith";       #> JoelSmith
echo($name, " ", "Smith"); #> Joel Smith

print("hey") && print(" ") && print("you"); #> you11

print ("hey" && (print (" " && print "you"))); #> you11

Shorthand notation for echo

When outside of PHP tags (opens new window), a shorthand notation for echo is available by default, using <?= to begin output and ?> to end it. For example:

<p><?=$variable?></p>    
<p><?= "This is also PHP" ?></p>

Note that there is no terminating ;. This works because the closing PHP tag acts as the terminator for the single statement. So, it is conventional to omit the semicolon in this shorthand notation.

Priority of print

Although the print is language construction it has priority like operator. It places between = += -= *= **= /= .= %= &= and and operators and has left association. Example:

echo '1' . print '2' + 3; //output 511

Same example with brackets:

echo '1' . print ('2' + 3); //output 511

Differences between echo and print

In short, there are two main differences:

• print only takes one parameter, while echo can have multiple parameters.
• print returns a value, so can be used as an expression.

print_r() (opens new window) - Outputting Arrays and Objects for debugging

print_r (opens new window) will output a human readable format of an array or object.

You may have a variable that is an array or object. Trying to output it with an echo will throw the error:
Notice: Array to string conversion. You can instead use the print_r function to dump a human readable format of this variable.

You can pass true as the second parameter to return the content as a string.

$myobject = new stdClass();
$myobject->myvalue = 'Hello World';
$myarray = [ "Hello", "World" ];
$mystring = "Hello World";
$myint = 42;

// Using print_r we can view the data the array holds.
print_r($myobject);
print_r($myarray);
print_r($mystring);
print_r($myint);

This outputs the following:

stdClass Object
(
    [myvalue] => Hello World
)
Array
(
    [0] => Hello
    [1] => World
)
Hello World
42

Further, the output from print_r can be captured as a string, rather than simply echoed. For instance, the following code will dump the formatted version of $myarray into a new variable:

$formatted_array = print_r($myarray, true);

Note that if you are viewing the output of PHP in a browser, and it is interpreted as HTML, then the line breaks will not be shown and the output will be much less legible unless you do something like

echo '<pre>' . print_r($myarray, true) . '</pre>';

Opening the source code of a page will also format your variable in the same way without the use of the <pre> tag.

Alternatively you can tell the browser that what you're outputting is plain text, and not HTML:

header('Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8');
print_r($myarray);

var_dump() (opens new window) - Output human-readable debugging information about content of the argument(s) including its type and value

The output is more detailed as compared (opens new window) to print_r because it also outputs the type of the variable along with its value and other information like object IDs, array sizes, string lengths, reference markers, etc.

You can use var_dump (opens new window) to output a more detailed version for debugging.

var_dump($myobject, $myarray, $mystring, $myint);

Output is more detailed:

object(stdClass)#12 (1) {
  ["myvalue"]=>
  string(11) "Hello World"
}
array(2) {
  [0]=>
  string(5) "Hello"
  [1]=>
  string(5) "World"
}
string(11) "Hello World"
int(42)

Note: If you are using xDebug in your development environment, the output of var_dump is limited / truncated by default. See the official documentation (opens new window) for more info about the options to change this.

var_export() (opens new window) - Output valid PHP Code

var_export() (opens new window) dumps a PHP parseable representation of the item.

You can pass true as the second parameter to return the contents into a variable.

var_export($myarray);
var_export($mystring);
var_export($myint);

Output is valid PHP code:

array (
  0 => 'Hello',
  1 => 'World',
)
'Hello World'
42

To put the content into a variable, you can do this:

$array_export = var_export($myarray, true);
$string_export = var_export($mystring, true);
$int_export = var_export($myint, 1); // any `Truthy` value

After that, you can output it like this:

printf('$myarray = %s; %s', $array_export, PHP_EOL);
printf('$mystring = %s; %s', $string_export, PHP_EOL);
printf('$myint = %s; %s', $int_export, PHP_EOL);

This will produce the following output:

$myarray = array (
  0 => 'Hello',
  1 => 'World',
);
$mystring = 'Hello World';
$myint = 42;

You can use concatenation to join strings (opens new window) "end to end" while outputting them (with echo or print for example).

You can concatenate variables using a . (period/dot).

// String variable
$name = 'Joel';

// Concatenate multiple strings (3 in this example) into one and echo it once done.
//      1. ↓        2. ↓            3. ↓    - Three Individual string items
echo '<p>Hello ' . $name . ', Nice to see you.</p>';
//               ↑       ↑                  - Concatenation Operators

#> "<p>Hello Joel, Nice to see you.</p>"

Similar to concatenation, echo (when used without parentheses) can be used to combine strings and variables together (along with other arbitrary expressions) using a comma (,).

$itemCount = 1;

echo 'You have ordered ', $itemCount, ' item', $itemCount === 1 ? '' : 's';
//                      ↑           ↑        ↑                - Note the commas

#> "You have ordered 1 item"

String concatenation vs passing multiple arguments to echo

Passing multiple arguments to the echo command is more advantageous than string concatenation in some circumstances. The arguments are written to the output in the same order as they are passed in.

echo "The total is: ", $x + $y;

The problem with the concatenation is that the period . takes precedence in the expression. If concatenated, the above expression needs extra parentheses for the correct behavior. The precedence of the period affects ternary operators too.

echo "The total is: " . ($x + $y);

printf (opens new window) will output a formatted string using placeholders

sprintf (opens new window) will return the formatted string

$name = 'Jeff';

// The `%s` tells PHP to expect a string
//            ↓  `%s` is replaced by  ↓
printf("Hello %s, How's it going?", $name);
#> Hello Jeff, How's it going?

// Instead of outputting it directly, place it into a variable ($greeting)
$greeting = sprintf("Hello %s, How's it going?", $name);
echo $greeting;
#> Hello Jeff, How's it going?

It is also possible to format a number with these 2 functions. This can be used to format a decimal value used to represent money so that it always has 2 decimal digits.

$money = 25.2;
printf('%01.2f', $money);
#> 25.20

The two functions vprintf (opens new window) and vsprintf (opens new window) operate as printf (opens new window) and sprintf (opens new window), but accept a format string and an array of values, instead of individual variables.

On 32-bits systems, integers larger than PHP_INT_MAX are automatically converted to float. Outputting these as integer values (i.e. non-scientific notation) can be done with printf, using the float representation, as illustrated below:

foreach ([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 12] as $p) {
    $i = pow(1024, $p);
    printf("pow(1024, %d) > (%7s) %20s %38.0F", $p, gettype($i), $i, $i);
    echo "  ", $i, "\n";
}
// outputs:
pow(1024,  1)  integer                 1024                                   1024  1024
pow(1024,  2)  integer              1048576                                1048576  1048576
pow(1024,  3)  integer           1073741824                             1073741824  1073741824
pow(1024,  4)   double        1099511627776                          1099511627776  1099511627776
pow(1024,  5)   double  1.1258999068426E+15                       1125899906842624  1.1258999068426E+15
pow(1024,  6)   double  1.1529215046068E+18                    1152921504606846976  1.1529215046068E+18
pow(1024,  9)   double  1.2379400392854E+27           1237940039285380274899124224  1.2379400392854E+27
pow(1024, 12)   double  1.3292279957849E+36  1329227995784915872903807060280344576  1.3292279957849E+36

Note: watch out for float precision, which is not infinite!

While this looks nice, in this contrived example the numbers can all be represented as a binary number since they are all powers of 1024 (and thus 2). See for example:

$n = pow(10, 27);
printf("%s %.0F\n", $n, $n);
// 1.0E+27 1000000000000000013287555072

Array 
( 
    [0] => Array 
        ( 
            [id] => 13 
            [category_id] => 7 
            [name] => Leaving Of Liverpool 
            [description] => Leaving Of Liverpool 
            [price] => 1.00 
            [virtual] => 1 
            [active] => 1 
            [sort_order] => 13 
            [created] => 2007-06-24 14:08:03 
            [modified] => 2007-06-24 14:08:03 
            [image] => NONE 
        ) 

    [1] => Array 
        ( 
            [id] => 16 
            [category_id] => 7 
            [name] => Yellow Submarine 
            [description] => Yellow Submarine 
            [price] => 1.00 
            [virtual] => 1 
            [active] => 1 
            [sort_order] => 16 
            [created] => 2007-06-24 14:10:02 
            [modified] => 2007-06-24 14:10:02 
            [image] => NONE 
        ) 

)  

Output Multidimensional Array with index and value in table

<table>
<?php 
foreach ($products as $key => $value) {
    foreach ($value as $k => $v) {
        echo "<tr>";
        echo "<td>$k</td>"; // Get index.
        echo "<td>$v</td>"; // Get value.
        echo "</tr>";
    }
}
?>
</table>

Remarks

Variables in PHP come in a variety of types. Depending on the use case, you may want to output them to the browser as rendered HTML, output them for debugging, or output them to the terminal (if running an application via the command line).

Below are some of the most commonly used methods and language constructs to output variables:

• echo (opens new window) - Outputs one or more strings
• print (opens new window) - Outputs a string and returns 1 (always)
• printf (opens new window) - Outputs a formatted string and returns the length of the outputted string
• sprintf (opens new window) - Formats a string and returns the formatted string
• print_r (opens new window) - Outputs or returns content of the argument as a human-readable string
• var_dump (opens new window) - Outputs human-readable debugging information about the content of the argument(s) including its type and value
• var_export (opens new window) - Outputs or returns a string rendering of the variable as valid PHP code, which can be used to recreate the value.

Note: When trying to output an object as a string, PHP will try to convert it into a string (by calling __toString() (opens new window) - if the object has such a method). If unavailable, an error similar to Object of class [CLASS] could not be converted to string will be shown. In this case, you'll have to inspect the object further, see: outputting-a-structured-view-of-arrays-and-objects (opens new window).