Returns a Unicode string surrounded by delimiters to make it a valid SQL Server delimited identifier.

Parameters:

1. character string. A string of Unicode data, up to 128 characters (sysname). If an input string is longer than 128 characters function returns null.
2. quote character. Optional. A single character to use as a delimiter. Can be a single quotation mark (' or ``), a left or right bracket ({,[,(,< or >,),],}) or a double quotation mark ("). Any other value will return null. Default value is square brackets.

SELECT QUOTENAME('what''s my name?')      -- Returns [what's my name?]

SELECT QUOTENAME('what''s my name?', '[') -- Returns [what's my name?]
SELECT QUOTENAME('what''s my name?', ']') -- Returns [what's my name?]

SELECT QUOTENAME('what''s my name?', '''') -- Returns 'what''s my name?'

SELECT QUOTENAME('what''s my name?', '"') -- Returns "what's my name?"

SELECT QUOTENAME('what''s my name?', ')') -- Returns (what's my name?)
SELECT QUOTENAME('what''s my name?', '(') -- Returns (what's my name?)

SELECT QUOTENAME('what''s my name?', '<') -- Returns <what's my name?>
SELECT QUOTENAME('what''s my name?', '>') -- Returns <what's my name?>

SELECT QUOTENAME('what''s my name?', '{') -- Returns {what's my name?}
SELECT QUOTENAME('what''s my name?', '}') -- Returns {what's my name?}

SELECT QUOTENAME('what''s my name?', '`') -- Returns `what's my name?`

Returns a string (varchar or nvarchar) where all occurrences of a specified sub string is replaced with another sub string.

Parameters:

1. string expression. This is the string that would be searched. It can be a character or binary data type.
2. pattern. This is the sub string that would be replaced. It can be a character or binary data type. The pattern argument cannot be an empty string.
3. replacement. This is the sub string that would replace the pattern sub string. It can be a character or binary data.

SELECT REPLACE('This is my string', 'is', 'XX') -- Returns 'ThXX XX my string'.

Notes:

• If string expression is not of type varchar(max) or nvarchar(max), the replace function truncates the return value at 8,000 chars.
• Return data type depends on input data types - returns nvarchar if one of the input values is nvarchar, or varchar otherwise.
• Return NULL if any of the input parameters is NULL

Returns a substring that starts with the char that's in the specified start index and the specified max length.

Parameters:

1. Character expression. The character expression can be of any data type that can be implicitly converted to varchar or nvarchar, except for text or ntext.
2. Start index. A number (int or bigint) that specifies the start index of the requested substring. (Note: strings in sql server are base 1 index, meaning that the first character of the string is index 1). This number can be less then 1. In this case, If the sum of start index and max length is greater then 0, the return string would be a string starting from the first char of the character expression and with the length of (start index + max length - 1). If it's less then 0, an empty string would be returned.
3. Max length. An integer number between 0 and bigint max value (9,223,372,036,854,775,807). If the max length parameter is negative, an error will be raised.

SELECT SUBSTRING('This is my string', 6, 5) -- returns 'is my'

If the max length + start index is more then the number of characters in the string, the entier string is returned.

SELECT SUBSTRING('Hello World',1,100) -- returns 'Hello World'

If the start index is bigger then the number of characters in the string, an empty string is returned.

SELECT SUBSTRING('Hello World',15,10) -- returns ''

Splits a string expression using a character separator. Note that STRING_SPLIT() is a table-valued function and therefore must be used within FROM clause.

Parameters:

1. string. Any character type expression (char, nchar, varchar or nvarchar)
2. seperator. A single character expression of any type (char(1), nchar(1), varchar(1) or nvarchar(1)).

Returns a single column table where each row contains a fragment of the string. The name of the columns is value, and the datatype is nvarchar if any of the parameters is either nchar or nvarchar, otherwise varchar.

The following example splits a string using space as a separator:

SELECT value FROM STRING_SPLIT('Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.', ' ');

Result:

value
-----
Lorem
ipsum
dolor
sit
amet.

Remarks:

The STRING_SPLIT function is available only under compatibility level 130. If your database compatibility level is lower than 130, SQL Server will not be able to find and execute STRING_SPLIT function. You can change the compatibility level of a database using the following command:

ALTER DATABASE [database_name] SET COMPATIBILITY_LEVEL = 130

Older versions of sql server does not have a built in split string function. There are many user defined functions that handles the problem of splitting a string. You can read Aaron Bertrand's article Split strings the right way – or the next best way (opens new window) for a comprehensive comparison of some of them.

Returns a sub string starting with the left most char of a string and up to the maximum length specified.

Parameters:

1. character expression. The character expression can be of any data type that can be implicitly converted to varchar or nvarchar, except for text or ntext
2. max length. An integer number between 0 and bigint max value (9,223,372,036,854,775,807).
   If the max length parameter is negative, an error will be raised.

SELECT LEFT('This is my string', 4) -- result: 'This'

If the max length is more then the number of characters in the string, the entier string is returned.

SELECT LEFT('This is my string', 50) -- result: 'This is my string'

Returns a sub string that is the right most part of the string, with the specified max length.

Parameters:

1. character expression. The character expression can be of any data type that can be implicitly converted to varchar or nvarchar, except for text or ntext
2. max length. An integer number between 0 and bigint max value (9,223,372,036,854,775,807). If the max length parameter is negative, an error will be raised.

SELECT RIGHT('This is my string', 6) -- returns 'string'

If the max length is more then the number of characters in the string, the entier string is returned.

SELECT RIGHT('This is my string', 50) -- returns 'This is my string'

Returns a four-character code (varchar) to evaluate the phonetic similarity of two strings.

Parameters:

1. character expression. An alphanumeric expression of character data.

The soundex function creates a four-character code that is based on how the character expression would sound when spoken. the first char is the the upper case version of the first character of the parameter, the rest 3 characters are numbers representing the letters in the expression (except a, e, i, o, u, h, w and y that are ignored).

SELECT SOUNDEX ('Smith') -- Returns 'S530'

SELECT SOUNDEX ('Smythe') -- Returns 'S530'

Returns a NVARCHAR value formatted with the specified format and culture (if specified). This is primarily used for converting date-time types to strings.

Parameters:

1. value. An expression of a supported data type to format. valid types are listed below.
2. format. An NVARCHAR format pattern. See Microsoft official documentation for standard (opens new window) and custom (opens new window) format strings.
3. culture. Optional. nvarchar argument specifying a culture. The default value is the culture of the current session.

DATE

Using standard format strings:

DECLARE @d DATETIME = '2016-07-31';  

SELECT 
    FORMAT ( @d, 'd', 'en-US' ) AS 'US English Result' -- Returns '7/31/2016'
   ,FORMAT ( @d, 'd', 'en-gb' ) AS 'Great Britain English Result' -- Returns '31/07/2016'
   ,FORMAT ( @d, 'd', 'de-de' ) AS 'German Result' -- Returns '31.07.2016'
   ,FORMAT ( @d, 'd', 'zh-cn' ) AS 'Simplified Chinese (PRC) Result' -- Returns '2016/7/31'
   ,FORMAT ( @d, 'D', 'en-US' ) AS 'US English Result' -- Returns 'Sunday, July 31, 2016'
   ,FORMAT ( @d, 'D', 'en-gb' ) AS 'Great Britain English Result' -- Returns '31 July 2016'
   ,FORMAT ( @d, 'D', 'de-de' ) AS 'German Result' -- Returns 'Sonntag, 31. Juli 2016'

Using custom format strings:

SELECT FORMAT( @d, 'dd/MM/yyyy', 'en-US' ) AS 'DateTime Result' -- Returns '31/07/2016'
      ,FORMAT(123456789,'###-##-####') AS 'Custom Number Result' -- Returns '123-45-6789',
      ,FORMAT( @d,'dddd, MMMM dd, yyyy hh:mm:ss tt','en-US') AS 'US' -- Returns 'Sunday, July 31, 2016 12:00:00 AM'
      ,FORMAT( @d,'dddd, MMMM dd, yyyy hh:mm:ss tt','hi-IN') AS 'Hindi' -- Returns रविवार, जुलाई 31, 2016 12:00:00 पूर्वाह्न
      ,FORMAT ( @d, 'dddd', 'en-US' )  AS 'US' -- Returns 'Sunday'
      ,FORMAT ( @d, 'dddd', 'hi-IN' )  AS 'Hindi' -- Returns 'रविवार'

FORMAT can also be used for formatting CURRENCY,PERCENTAGE and NUMBERS.

CURRENCY

DECLARE @Price1 INT = 40
SELECT FORMAT(@Price1,'c','en-US') AS 'CURRENCY IN US Culture' -- Returns '$40.00'      
       ,FORMAT(@Price1,'c','de-DE') AS 'CURRENCY IN GERMAN Culture' -- Returns '40,00 €'

We can specify the number of digits after the decimal.

DECLARE @Price DECIMAL(5,3) = 40.356
SELECT FORMAT( @Price, 'C') AS 'Default', -- Returns '$40.36'
       FORMAT( @Price, 'C0') AS 'With 0 Decimal', -- Returns '$40'
       FORMAT( @Price, 'C1') AS 'With 1 Decimal', -- Returns '$40.4'
       FORMAT( @Price, 'C2') AS 'With 2 Decimal', -- Returns '$40.36'

PERCENTAGE

  DECLARE @Percentage float = 0.35674
   SELECT FORMAT( @Percentage, 'P') AS '% Default', -- Returns '35.67 %'
   FORMAT( @Percentage, 'P0') AS '% With 0 Decimal', -- Returns '36 %'
   FORMAT( @Percentage, 'P1') AS '% with 1 Decimal'  -- Returns '35.7 %'

NUMBER

DECLARE @Number AS DECIMAL(10,2) = 454545.389
SELECT FORMAT( @Number, 'N','en-US') AS 'Number Format in US', -- Returns '454,545.39'
FORMAT( @Number, 'N','en-IN')  AS 'Number Format in INDIA', -- Returns '4,54,545.39'
FORMAT( @Number, '#.0')     AS 'With 1 Decimal', -- Returns '454545.4'
FORMAT( @Number, '#.00')    AS 'With 2 Decimal', -- Returns '454545.39'
FORMAT( @Number, '#,##.00') AS 'With Comma and 2 Decimal', -- Returns '454,545.39'
FORMAT( @Number, '##.00')   AS 'Without Comma and 2 Decimal', -- Returns '454545.39'
FORMAT( @Number, '000000000') AS 'Left-padded to nine digits' -- Returns '000454545'

Valid value types list: (source (opens new window))

Category         Type             .Net type
-------------------------------------------
Numeric          bigint           Int64
Numeric          int              Int32
Numeric          smallint         Int16
Numeric          tinyint          Byte
Numeric          decimal          SqlDecimal
Numeric          numeric          SqlDecimal
Numeric          float            Double
Numeric          real             Single
Numeric          smallmoney       Decimal
Numeric          money            Decimal
Date and Time    date             DateTime
Date and Time    time             TimeSpan
Date and Time    datetime         DateTime
Date and Time    smalldatetime    DateTime
Date and Time    datetime2        DateTime
Date and Time    datetimeoffset   DateTimeOffset

Important Notes:

• FORMAT returns NULL for errors other than a culture that is not valid. For example, NULL is returned if the value specified in format is not valid.
• FORMAT relies on the presence of the .NET Framework Common Language Runtime (CLR).
• FORMAT relies upon CLR formatting rules which dictate that colons and periods must be escaped. Therefore, when the format string (second parameter) contains a colon or period, the colon or period must be escaped with backslash when an input value (first parameter) is of the time data type.

See also Date & Time Formatting using FORMAT (opens new window) documentation example.

Escapes special characters in texts and returns text (nvarchar(max)) with escaped characters.

Parameters:

SELECT STRING_ESCAPE('\   /  
\\    "     ', 'json') -- returns '\\\t\/\n\\\\\t\"\t'

List of characters that will be escaped:

Special character    Encoded sequence
-------------------------------------
Quotation mark (")   \"
Reverse solidus (\)  \\
Solidus (/)          \/
Backspace            \b
Form feed            \f
New line             \n
Carriage return      \r
Horizontal tab       \t


Control character    Encoded sequence
------------------------------------
CHAR(0)            \u0000
CHAR(1)            \u0001
...                ...
CHAR(31)           \u001f

Returns an int value representing the ASCII code of the leftmost character of a string.

SELECT ASCII('t') -- Returns 116
SELECT ASCII('T') -- Returns 84
SELECT ASCII('This') -- Returns 84

If the string is Unicode and the leftmost character is not ASCII but representable in the current collation, a value greater than 127 can be returned:

SELECT ASCII(N'ï') -- returns 239 when `SERVERPROPERTY('COLLATION') = 'SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS'`

If the string is Unicode and the leftmost character cannot be represented in the current collation, the int value of 63 is returned: (which represents question mark in ASCII):

SELECT ASCII(N'߷') -- returns 63
SELECT ASCII(nchar(2039)) -- returns 63

Returns a char represented by an int ASCII code.

SELECT CHAR(116) -- Returns 't'
SELECT CHAR(84)  -- Returns 'T'

This can be used to introduce new line/line feed CHAR(10), carriage returns CHAR(13), etc. See AsciiTable.com (opens new window) for reference.

If the argument value is not between 0 and 255, the CHAR function returns NULL.
The return data type of the CHAR function is char(1)

Returns a string that is the result of two or more strings joined together. CONCAT accepts two or more arguments.

SELECT CONCAT('This', ' is', ' my', ' string') -- returns 'This is my string'

Note: Unlike concatenating strings using the string concatenation operator (+), when passing a null value to the concat function it will implicitly convert it to an empty string:

SELECT CONCAT('This', NULL, ' is', ' my', ' string'), -- returns 'This is my string'
       'This' + NULL + ' is' + ' my' + ' string' -- returns NULL.

Also arguments of a non-string type will be implicitly converted to a string:

SELECT CONCAT('This', ' is my ', 3, 'rd string') -- returns 'This is my 3rd string'

Non-string type variables will also be converted to string format, no need to manually covert or cast it to string:

DECLARE @Age INT=23;
SELECT CONCAT('Ram is ', @Age,' years old');  -- returns 'Ram is 23 years old'

Older versions do not support CONCAT function and must use the string concatenation operator (+) instead. Non-string types must be cast or converted to string types in order to concatenate them this way.

SELECT 'This is the number ' + CAST(42 AS VARCHAR(5)) --returns 'This is the number 42'

Returns a character expression (varchar or nvarchar) after removing all leading white spaces, i.e., white spaces from the left through to the first non-white space character.

Parameters:

1. character expression. Any expression of character or binary data that can be implicitly converted to varcher, except text, ntext and image.

SELECT LTRIM('    This is my string') -- Returns 'This is my string'

Returns a character expression (varchar or nvarchar) after removing all trailing white spaces, i.e., spaces from the right end of the string up until the first non-white space character to the left.

Parameters:

1. character expression. Any expression of character or binary data that can be implicitly converted to varcher, except text, ntext and image.

SELECT RTRIM('This is my string     ') -- Returns 'This is my string'

Returns the starting position of the first occurrence of a the specified pattern in the specified expression.

Parameters:

SELECT PATINDEX('%ter%', 'interesting') -- Returns 3. 

SELECT PATINDEX('%t_r%t%', 'interesting') -- Returns 3. 

SELECT PATINDEX('ter%', 'interesting') -- Returns 0, since 'ter' is not at the start. 

SELECT PATINDEX('inter%', 'interesting') -- Returns 1. 

SELECT PATINDEX('%ing', 'interesting') -- Returns 9. 

Returns a string (varchar) of repeated spaces.

Parameters:

1. integer expression. Any integer expression, up to 8000. If negative, null is returned. if 0, an empty string is returned. (To return a string longer then 8000 spaces, use Replicate.

SELECT SPACE(-1) -- Returns NULL
SELECT SPACE(0)  -- Returns an empty string
SELECT SPACE(3)  -- Returns '   ' (a string containing 3 spaces)

Returns an integer (int) value that indicates the difference between the soundex values of two character expressions.

Parameters:

1. character expression 1.
2. character expression 2.

Both parameters are alphanumeric expressions of character data.

The integer returned is the number of chars in the soundex values of the parameters that are the same, so 4 means that the expressions are very similar and 0 means that they are very different.

SELECT  SOUNDEX('Green'),  -- G650
        SOUNDEX('Greene'),  -- G650
        DIFFERENCE('Green','Greene') -- Returns 4
        
SELECT  SOUNDEX('Blotchet-Halls'),  -- B432
        SOUNDEX('Greene'),  -- G650
        DIFFERENCE('Blotchet-Halls', 'Greene') -- Returns 0

Returns the number of characters of a string.
Note: the LEN function ignores trailing spaces:

SELECT LEN('My string'), -- returns 9
       LEN('My string   '), -- returns 9
       LEN('   My string') -- returns 12

If the length including trailing spaces is desired there are several techniques to achieve this, although each has its drawbacks. One technique is to append a single character to the string, and then use the LEN minus one:

DECLARE @str varchar(100) = 'My string   '
SELECT LEN(@str + 'x') - 1 -- returns 12

The drawback to this is if the type of the string variable or column is of the maximum length, the append of the extra character is discarded, and the resulting length will still not count trailing spaces. To address that, the following modified version solves the problem, and gives the correct results in all cases at the expense of a small amount of additional execution time, and because of this (correct results, including with surrogate pairs, and reasonable execution speed) appears to be the best technique to use:

SELECT LEN(CONVERT(NVARCHAR(MAX), @str) + 'x') - 1

Another technique is to use theDATALENGTH function.

DECLARE @str varchar(100) = 'My string   '
SELECT DATALENGTH(@str) -- returns 12

It's important to note though that DATALENGTH returns the length in bytes of the string in memory. This will be different for varchar vs. nvarchar.

DECLARE @str nvarchar(100) = 'My string   '
SELECT DATALENGTH(@str) -- returns 24

You can adjust for this by dividing the datalength of the string by the datalength of a single character (which must be of the same type). The example below does this, and also handles the case where the target string happens to be empty, thus avoiding a divide by zero.

DECLARE @str nvarchar(100) = 'My string   '
SELECT DATALENGTH(@str) / DATALENGTH(LEFT(LEFT(@str, 1) + 'x', 1)) -- returns 12

Even this, though, has a problem in SQL Server 2012 and above. It will produce incorrect results when the string contains surrogate pairs (some characters can occupy more bytes than other characters in the same string).

Another technique is to use REPLACE to convert spaces to a non-space character, and take the LEN of the result. This gives correct results in all cases, but has very poor execution speed with long strings.

Returns a character expression (varchar or nvarchar) after converting all uppercase characters to lowercase.

Parameters:

1. Character expression. Any expression of character or binary data that can be implicitly converted to varchar.

SELECT LOWER('This IS my STRING') -- Returns 'this is my string'

DECLARE @String nchar(17) = N'This IS my STRING';
SELECT LOWER(@String) -- Returns 'this is my string'

Returns a character expression (varchar or nvarchar) after converting all lowercase characters to uppercase.

Parameters:

1. Character expression. Any expression of character or binary data that can be implicitly converted to varchar.

SELECT UPPER('This IS my STRING') -- Returns 'THIS IS MY STRING'

DECLARE @String nchar(17) = N'This IS my STRING';
SELECT UPPER(@String) -- Returns 'THIS IS MY STRING'

Returns the integer value representing the Unicode value of the first character of the input expression.

Parameters:

1. Unicode character expression. Any valid nchar or nvarchar expression.

SELECT UNICODE(N'Ɛ') -- Returns 400

DECLARE @Unicode nvarchar(11) = N'Ɛ is a char'
SELECT UNICODE(@Unicode) -- Returns 400

Returns the Unicode character(s) (nchar(1) or nvarchar(2)) corresponding to the integer argument it receives, as defined by the Unicode standard.

Parameters:

1. integer expression. Any integer expression that is a positive number between 0 and 65535, or if the collation of the database supports supplementary character (CS) flag, the supported range is between 0 to 1114111. If the integer expression does not fall inside this range, null is returned.

SELECT NCHAR(257) -- Returns 'ā'
SELECT NCHAR(400) -- Returns 'Ɛ'

Returns a string value in reversed order.

Parameters:

1. string expression. Any string or binary data that can be implicitly converted to varchar.

Select REVERSE('Sql Server') -- Returns 'revreS lqS'

Repeats a string value a specified number of times.

Parameters:

1. string expression. String expression can be a character string or binary data.
2. integer expression. Any integer type, including bigint. If negative, null is returned. If 0, an empty string is returned.

SELECT REPLICATE('a', -1)  -- Returns NULL

SELECT REPLICATE('a', 0)  -- Returns ''

SELECT REPLICATE('a', 5)  -- Returns 'aaaaa'

SELECT REPLICATE('Abc', 3) -- Returns 'AbcAbcAbc'

Note: If string expression is not of type varchar(max) or nvarchar(max), the return value will not exceed 8000 chars. Replicate will stop before adding the string that will cause the return value to exceed that limit:

SELECT LEN(REPLICATE('a b c d e f g h i j k l', 350)) -- Returns 7981

SELECT LEN(REPLICATE(cast('a b c d e f g h i j k l' as varchar(max)), 350)) -- Returns 8050

Returns character data (varchar) converted from numeric data.

Parameters:

1. float expression. An approximate numeric data type with a decimal point.
2. length. optional. The total length of the string expression that would return, including digits, decimal point and leading spaces (if needed). The default value is 10.
3. decimal. optional. The number of digits to the right of the decimal point. If higher then 16, the result would be truncated to sixteen places to the right of the decimal point.

SELECT STR(1.2) -- Returns '         1'

SELECT STR(1.2, 3) -- Returns '  1'

SELECT STR(1.2, 3, 2) -- Returns '1.2'

SELECT STR(1.2, 5, 2) -- Returns ' 1.20'

SELECT STR(1.2, 5, 5) -- Returns '1.200'

SELECT STR(1, 5, 2) -- Returns ' 1.00'

SELECT STR(1) -- Returns '         1'

Returns the start index of a the first occurrence of string expression inside another string expression.

Parameters list:

1. String to find (up to 8000 chars)
2. String to search (any valid character data type and length, including binary)
3. (Optional) index to start. A number of type int or big int. If omitted or less then 1, the search starts at the beginning of the string.

If the string to search is varchar(max), nvarchar(max) or varbinary(max), the CHARINDEX function will return a bigint value. Otherwise, it will return an int.

SELECT CHARINDEX('is', 'this is my string') -- returns 3
SELECT CHARINDEX('is', 'this is my string', 4) -- returns 6
SELECT CHARINDEX(' is', 'this is my string') -- returns 5

Remarks

List of string functions (Alphabetically sorted):