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TypeScript - Generics
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  Generic Interfaces

Declaring a generic interface

interface IResult<T> {
    wasSuccessfull: boolean;
    error: T;
}

var result: IResult<string> = ....
var error: string = result.error;

Generic interface with multiple type parameters

interface IRunnable<T, U> {
    run(input: T): U;
}

var runnable: IRunnable<string, number> = ...
var input: string;
var result: number = runnable.run(input);

Implementing a generic interface

interface IResult<T>{
    wasSuccessfull: boolean;
    error: T;

    clone(): IResult<T>;
}

Implement it with generic class:

class Result<T> implements IResult<T> {
    constructor(public result: boolean, public error: T) {
    }

    public clone(): IResult<T> {
        return new Result<T>(this.result, this.error);
    }
}

Implement it with non generic class:

class StringResult implements IResult<string> {
    constructor(public result: boolean, public error: string) {
    }

    public clone(): IResult<string> {
        return new StringResult(this.result, this.error);
    }
}
  Generic Class 
class Result<T> {
    constructor(public wasSuccessful: boolean, public error: T) {
    }

    public clone(): Result<T> {
       ...
    }
}

let r1 = new Result(false, 'error: 42');  // Compiler infers T to string
let r2 = new Result(false, 42);           // Compiler infers T to number
let r3 = new Result<string>(true, null);  // Explicitly set T to string
let r4 = new Result<string>(true, 4);     // Compilation error because 4 is not a string
  Type parameters as constraints

With TypeScript 1.8 it becomes possible for a type parameter constraint to reference type parameters from the same type parameter list. Previously this was an error.


function assign<T extends U, U>(target: T, source: U): T {
    for (let id in source) {
        target[id] = source[id];
    }
    return target;
}

let x = { a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4 };
assign(x, { b: 10, d: 20 });
assign(x, { e: 0 });  // Error
  Generics Constraints

Simple constraint:

interface IRunnable {
    run(): void;
}

interface IRunner<T extends IRunnable> {
    runSafe(runnable: T): void;
}

More complex constraint:

interface IRunnble<U> {
    run(): U;
}

interface IRunner<T extends IRunnable<U>, U> {
    runSafe(runnable: T): U;
}

Even more complex:

interface IRunnble<V> {
    run(parameter: U): V;
}

interface IRunner<T extends IRunnable<U, V>, U, V> {
    runSafe(runnable: T, parameter: U): V;
}

Inline type constraints:

interface IRunnable<T extends { run(): void }> {
    runSafe(runnable: T): void;
}
  Generic Functions

In interfaces:

interface IRunner {
    runSafe<T extends IRunnable>(runnable: T): void;
}

In classes:

class Runner implements IRunner {

    public runSafe<T extends IRunnable>(runnable: T): void {
        try {
            runnable.run();
        } catch(e) {
        }
    }

}

Simple functions:

function runSafe<T extends IRunnable>(runnable: T): void {
    try {
        runnable.run();
    } catch(e) {
    }
}
  Using generic Classes and Functions:

Create generic class instance:

var stringRunnable = new Runnable<string>();

Run generic function:

function runSafe<T extends Runnable<U>, U>(runnable: T);

// Specify the generic types:
runSafe<Runnable<string>, string>(stringRunnable);

// Let typescript figure the generic types by himself:
runSafe(stringRunnable);

Syntax

  • The generic types declared within the triangle brackets: <T>
  • Constrainting the generic types is done with the extends keyword: <T extends Car>

Remarks

The generic parameters are not available at runtime, they are just for the compile time. This means you can't do something like this:

class Executor<T, U> {
    public execute(executable: T): void {
        if (T instanceof Executable1) {    // Compilation error
            ...
        } else if (U instanceof Executable2){    // Compilation error
            ...
        }
    }
}

However, class information is still preserved, so you can still test for the type of a variable as you have always been able to:

class Executor<T, U> {
    public execute(executable: T): void {
        if (executable instanceof Executable1) {
            ...
        } else if (executable instanceof Executable2){
            ...
        } // But in this method, since there is no parameter of type `U` it is non-sensical to ask about U's "type"
    }
}



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