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Swift - Function as first class citizens in Swift
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  Assigning function to a variable 
struct Mathematics
{
    internal func performOperation(inputArray: [Int], operation: (Int)-> Int)-> [Int]
    {
        var processedArray = [Int]()
        
        for item in inputArray
        {
            processedArray.append(operation(item))
        }
        
        return processedArray
    }
    
    
    internal func performComplexOperation(valueOne: Int)-> ((Int)-> Int)
    {
        return
            ({
                 return valueOne + $0   
            })
    }
    
}


let arrayToBeProcessed = [1,3,5,7,9,11,8,6,4,2,100]

let math = Mathematics()

func add2(item: Int)-> Int
{
    return (item + 2)
}

// assigning the function to a variable and then passing it to a function as param
let add2ToMe = add2
print(math.performOperation(inputArray: arrayToBeProcessed, operation: add2ToMe))

Output:

[3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 10, 8, 6, 4, 102]

Similarly the above could be achieved using a closure

// assigning the closure to a variable and then passing it to a function as param
let add2 = {(item: Int)-> Int in return item + 2}
print(math.performOperation(inputArray: arrayToBeProcessed, operation: add2))
  Passing function as an argument to another function, thus creating a Higher-Order Function 
func multiply2(item: Int)-> Int
{
    return (item + 2)
}


let multiply2ToMe = multiply2

// passing the function directly to the function as param
print(math.performOperation(inputArray: arrayToBeProcessed, operation: multiply2ToMe))

Output:

[3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 10, 8, 6, 4, 102]

Similarly the above could be achieved using a closure

// passing the closure directly to the function as param
print(math.performOperation(inputArray: arrayToBeProcessed, operation: { $0 * 2 }))
  Function as return type from another function 
// function as return type
print(math.performComplexOperation(valueOne: 4)(5))

Output:

9

 

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